MR robustness Genetic liability to ADHD → Alzheimer's disease, plus reverse direction. 72 rows, every method × outcome.
IVW forest plot ADHD -> AD_LO (FinnGen R13) OR 0.984 (0.898-1.078); ADHD -> F5_ALZHDEMENT (FinnGen R13) OR 1.086 (0.971-1.214); ADHD -> G6_ALZHEIMER (FinnGen R13) OR 0.973 (0.908-1.042); ADHD -> AD (Bellenguez 2022) OR 0.945 (0.900-0.993); REVERSE: AD (Bellenguez) -> ADHD2022 OR 0.997 (0.957-1.039); REVERSE: AD (Bellenguez) -> ADHD (FinnGen F5_ADHD) OR 1.007 (0.931-1.089) ADHD -> AD_LO (FinnGen R13) OR 0.984 · 95% CI 0.898–1.078 ADHD -> F5_ALZHDEMENT (FinnGen R13) OR 1.086 · 95% CI 0.971–1.214 ADHD -> G6_ALZHEIMER (FinnGen R13) OR 0.973 · 95% CI 0.908–1.042 ADHD -> AD (Bellenguez 2022) OR 0.945 · 95% CI 0.900–0.993 REVERSE: AD (Bellenguez) -> ADHD2022 OR 0.997 · 95% CI 0.957–1.039 REVERSE: AD (Bellenguez) -> ADHD (FinnGen F5_ADHD) OR 1.007 · 95% CI 0.931–1.089 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 Odds ratio, log scale; dashed line = OR 1 (no effect) IVW (multiplicative random effects) estimate and 95% CI for each of 6 outcome analyses; values rounded to 3 decimals for display (exact values in the CSV). Reading guide. An odds ratio (OR) of 1 means no effect, and a confidence interval that spans 1 means the data cannot tell the effect from none. Agreement across IVW, MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode and MR-PRESSO is what supports a result, and one nominal p-value among many outcomes does not. Values are rounded for display (OR, beta, CI and SE to 3 decimals, p to 3 significant figures); the exact unrounded CSV is at /mr.csv . The instrument-count question (27 vs 34) is unresolved; see Methods.
ADHD -> AD_LO (FinnGen R13) IVW (multiplicative RE) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.984 95% CI 0.898–1.078 beta -0.016 SE 0.047 p 0.731
MR-Egger slope Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.856 95% CI 0.613–1.196 beta -0.155 SE 0.171 p 0.370
MR-Egger intercept (log-OR scale, not OR) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.010 95% CI 0.987–1.033 beta 0.010 SE 0.012 p 0.403 Note directional pleiotropy test
Weighted median Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.025 95% CI 0.899–1.167 beta 0.024 SE 0.067 p 0.713
Weighted mode Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.054 95% CI 0.806–1.379 beta 0.053 SE 0.137 p 0.701
Cochran Q (IVW) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta 24.246 SE – p 0.866 Note Q=24.25 df=33 I2GX n/a
MR-PRESSO raw Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.984 95% CI 0.910–1.064 beta -0.016 SE 0.040 p 0.691 Note global test p=0.856
MR-PRESSO outlier-corrected Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p – Note no outliers detected (global test p=0.856); corrected = raw
MR-PRESSO global test Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p 0.856 Note RSSobs p=0.856
MR-RAPS-like (own impl., Tukey RE; mr.raps pkg unavailable) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.981 95% CI 0.902–1.066 beta -0.019 SE 0.043 p 0.652 Note tau2=6.01e-05; bootstrap SE
Steiger directionality Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p < 0.001 Note correct_causal_direction=TRUE; r2 exp=0.00875 r2 out=4.75e-4; ADHD prev 5% assumed
Leave-one-out IVW (range) Metric Value SNPs 33 OR – 95% CI 0.967–1.001 beta – SE – p 0.988 Note OR range 0.967-1.001; max p 0.988; min p 0.484; most influential SNP rs77960 (OR 0.967)
ADHD -> F5_ALZHDEMENT (FinnGen R13) IVW (multiplicative RE) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.086 95% CI 0.971–1.214 beta 0.082 SE 0.057 p 0.149
MR-Egger slope Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.106 95% CI 0.729–1.677 beta 0.100 SE 0.212 p 0.640
MR-Egger intercept (log-OR scale, not OR) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.999 95% CI 0.971–1.027 beta -0.001 SE 0.014 p 0.930 Note directional pleiotropy test
Weighted median Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.033 95% CI 0.906–1.179 beta 0.033 SE 0.067 p 0.626
Weighted mode Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.013 95% CI 0.789–1.301 beta 0.013 SE 0.128 p 0.920
Cochran Q (IVW) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta 48.500 SE – p 0.0400 Note Q=48.5 df=33 I2GX n/a
MR-PRESSO raw Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.086 95% CI 0.971–1.214 beta 0.082 SE 0.057 p 0.158 Note global test p=0.0404
MR-PRESSO outlier-corrected Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p – Note no outliers detected (global test p=0.0404); corrected = raw
MR-PRESSO global test Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p 0.0404 Note RSSobs p=0.0404
MR-RAPS-like (own impl., Tukey RE; mr.raps pkg unavailable) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.099 95% CI 0.989–1.221 beta 0.095 SE 0.054 p 0.0784 Note tau2=5.28e-4; bootstrap SE
Steiger directionality Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p < 0.001 Note correct_causal_direction=TRUE; r2 exp=0.00875 r2 out=0.00102; ADHD prev 5% assumed
Leave-one-out IVW (range) Metric Value SNPs 33 OR – 95% CI 1.064–1.108 beta – SE – p 0.250 Note OR range 1.064-1.108; max p 0.250; min p 0.0745; most influential SNP rs4916723 (OR 1.108)
ADHD -> G6_ALZHEIMER (FinnGen R13) IVW (multiplicative RE) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.973 95% CI 0.908–1.042 beta -0.027 SE 0.035 p 0.436
MR-Egger slope Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.810 95% CI 0.629–1.042 beta -0.211 SE 0.129 p 0.111
MR-Egger intercept (log-OR scale, not OR) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.013 95% CI 0.996–1.030 beta 0.013 SE 0.009 p 0.148 Note directional pleiotropy test
Weighted median Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.947 95% CI 0.862–1.041 beta -0.054 SE 0.048 p 0.261
Weighted mode Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.906 95% CI 0.760–1.079 beta -0.099 SE 0.090 p 0.276
Cochran Q (IVW) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta 30.431 SE – p 0.596 Note Q=30.43 df=33 I2GX n/a
MR-PRESSO raw Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.973 95% CI 0.911–1.040 beta -0.027 SE 0.034 p 0.424 Note global test p=0.611
MR-PRESSO outlier-corrected Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p – Note no outliers detected (global test p=0.611); corrected = raw
MR-PRESSO global test Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p 0.611 Note RSSobs p=0.611
MR-RAPS-like (own impl., Tukey RE; mr.raps pkg unavailable) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.964 95% CI 0.905–1.027 beta -0.037 SE 0.032 p 0.253 Note tau2=1.04e-4; bootstrap SE
Steiger directionality Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p < 0.001 Note correct_causal_direction=TRUE; r2 exp=0.00875 r2 out=3.44e-4; ADHD prev 5% assumed
Leave-one-out IVW (range) Metric Value SNPs 33 OR – 95% CI 0.960–0.982 beta – SE – p 0.618 Note OR range 0.96-0.982; max p 0.618; min p 0.247; most influential SNP rs7506904 (OR 0.96)
ADHD -> AD (Bellenguez 2022) IVW (multiplicative RE) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.945 95% CI 0.900–0.993 beta -0.057 SE 0.025 p 0.0246
MR-Egger slope Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.888 95% CI 0.725–1.088 beta -0.119 SE 0.104 p 0.259
MR-Egger intercept (log-OR scale, not OR) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 1.004 95% CI 0.991–1.018 beta 0.004 SE 0.007 p 0.539 Note directional pleiotropy test
Weighted median Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.954 95% CI 0.892–1.021 beta -0.047 SE 0.034 p 0.173
Weighted mode Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.909 95% CI 0.783–1.055 beta -0.096 SE 0.076 p 0.217
Cochran Q (IVW) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta 36.183 SE – p 0.322 Note Q=36.18 df=33 I2GX n/a
MR-PRESSO raw Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.945 95% CI 0.900–0.993 beta -0.057 SE 0.025 p 0.0315 Note global test p=0.328
MR-PRESSO outlier-corrected Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p – Note no outliers detected (global test p=0.328); corrected = raw
MR-PRESSO global test Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p 0.328 Note RSSobs p=0.328
MR-RAPS-like (own impl., Tukey RE; mr.raps pkg unavailable) Metric Value SNPs 34 OR 0.946 95% CI 0.900–0.995 beta -0.055 SE 0.026 p 0.0316 Note tau2=7.46e-05; bootstrap SE
Steiger directionality Metric Value SNPs 34 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p < 0.001 Note correct_causal_direction=TRUE; r2 exp=0.00875 r2 out=2.14e-4; ADHD prev 5% assumed
Leave-one-out IVW (range) Metric Value SNPs 33 OR – 95% CI 0.938–0.955 beta – SE – p 0.0696 Note OR range 0.938-0.955; max p 0.0696; min p 0.0102; most influential SNP rs9969232 (OR 0.955)
REVERSE: AD (Bellenguez) -> ADHD2022 IVW (multiplicative RE) Metric Value SNPs 71 OR 0.997 95% CI 0.957–1.039 beta -0.003 SE 0.021 p 0.894
MR-Egger slope Metric Value SNPs 71 OR 1.151 95% CI 1.022–1.297 beta 0.141 SE 0.061 p 0.0236
MR-Egger intercept (log-OR scale, not OR) Metric Value SNPs 71 OR 0.989 95% CI 0.980–0.998 beta -0.011 SE 0.004 p 0.0147 Note directional pleiotropy test
Weighted median Metric Value SNPs 71 OR 0.981 95% CI 0.923–1.042 beta -0.019 SE 0.031 p 0.533
Weighted mode Metric Value SNPs 71 OR 0.980 95% CI 0.904–1.062 beta -0.020 SE 0.041 p 0.620
Cochran Q (IVW) Metric Value SNPs 71 OR – 95% CI – beta 85.098 SE – p 0.106 Note Q=85.1 df=70 I2GX n/a
MR-PRESSO raw Metric Value SNPs 71 OR 0.997 95% CI 0.957–1.039 beta -0.003 SE 0.021 p 0.895 Note global test p=0.118
MR-PRESSO outlier-corrected Metric Value SNPs 71 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p – Note no outliers detected (global test p=0.118); corrected = raw
MR-PRESSO global test Metric Value SNPs 71 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p 0.118 Note RSSobs p=0.118
MR-RAPS-like (own impl., Tukey RE; mr.raps pkg unavailable) Metric Value SNPs 71 OR 1.012 95% CI 0.975–1.051 beta 0.012 SE 0.019 p 0.525 Note tau2=1.3e-4; bootstrap SE
Steiger directionality Metric Value SNPs 71 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p < 0.001 Note correct_causal_direction=TRUE; r2 exp=0.0192 r2 out=6.32e-4; AD prev 5% assumed
Leave-one-out IVW (range) Metric Value SNPs 70 OR – 95% CI 0.993–1.003 beta – SE – p 0.998 Note OR range 0.993-1.003; max p 0.998; min p 0.740; most influential SNP rs7068231 (OR 1.003)
REVERSE: AD (Bellenguez) -> ADHD (FinnGen F5_ADHD) IVW (multiplicative RE) Metric Value SNPs 77 OR 1.007 95% CI 0.931–1.089 beta 0.007 SE 0.040 p 0.863
MR-Egger slope Metric Value SNPs 77 OR 0.960 95% CI 0.761–1.212 beta -0.041 SE 0.119 p 0.734
MR-Egger intercept (log-OR scale, not OR) Metric Value SNPs 77 OR 1.004 95% CI 0.986–1.021 beta 0.004 SE 0.009 p 0.673 Note directional pleiotropy test
Weighted median Metric Value SNPs 77 OR 1.036 95% CI 0.926–1.160 beta 0.036 SE 0.057 p 0.535
Weighted mode Metric Value SNPs 77 OR 1.085 95% CI 0.911–1.292 beta 0.081 SE 0.089 p 0.364
Cochran Q (IVW) Metric Value SNPs 77 OR – 95% CI – beta 85.222 SE – p 0.220 Note Q=85.22 df=76 I2GX n/a
MR-PRESSO raw Metric Value SNPs 77 OR 1.007 95% CI 0.931–1.089 beta 0.007 SE 0.040 p 0.864 Note global test p=0.228
MR-PRESSO outlier-corrected Metric Value SNPs 77 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p – Note no outliers detected (global test p=0.228); corrected = raw
MR-PRESSO global test Metric Value SNPs 77 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p 0.228 Note RSSobs p=0.228
MR-RAPS-like (own impl., Tukey RE; mr.raps pkg unavailable) Metric Value SNPs 77 OR 0.999 95% CI 0.924–1.080 beta -0.001 SE 0.040 p 0.974 Note tau2=5.46e-4; bootstrap SE
Steiger directionality Metric Value SNPs 77 OR – 95% CI – beta – SE – p < 0.001 Note correct_causal_direction=TRUE; r2 exp=0.0215 r2 out=0.0025; AD prev 5% assumed
Leave-one-out IVW (range) Metric Value SNPs 76 OR – 95% CI 0.993–1.016 beta – SE – p 0.997 Note OR range 0.993-1.016; max p 0.997; min p 0.695; most influential SNP rs6733839 (OR 0.993)